Will Germany, France, or the United Kingdom conduct direct military strikes against Iran amid escalating warnings from Tehran?

Iran’s foreign ministry has warned that any European participation in the ongoing U.S.–Israeli campaign would be considered “an act of war.” Spokesman Esmaeil Baqaei stated that involvement by European powers would amount to complicity with aggressors and trigger consequences. Meanwhile, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom signaled they could take “proportionate defensive action” to neutralize Iran’s missile and drone launch capabilities at their source, raising the possibility of direct European intervention. The uncertainty lies in whether European powers limit themselves to defensive postures and regional force protection — or move toward direct strikes on Iranian territory.