Will Kazakhstan resume or expand oil exports to Europe via Russia’s Druzhba pipeline?

Kazakhstan has expressed interest in exporting oil to Europe through the Druzhba pipeline, which runs across Russia into European markets. However, transit challenges remain due to geopolitical tensions, particularly involving Ukraine, which currently complicates use of certain pipeline routes. Key factors influencing the outcome: - geopolitical developments and transit agreements - EU demand for non-Russian oil supplies - technical and regulatory permissions for transit Kazakhstan already supplies some oil to Europe, but expanding flows via Druzhba would signal a notable shift in regional energy logistics. The key uncertainty is whether political and logistical barriers will be resolved in the near term.